I am a professor of health care and policy research. My academic background is in sociology and social policy. My professional background is as a nurse ,health visitor , senior NHS manager of community services. I was Associate Dean for Research (2010-2016) and Director of the Centre for Health & Social Care Research (in the joint Faculty of Kingston University & St. George's University of London). I was previously the Director of the Primary Care Nursing Research Unit at the Department of Primary Care & Population Sciences, University College London 2005-7.
I undertake research in four main areas: 1) health & social care workforce, particularly regarding new roles (such as advanced clinical practitioners, physician associates, nurse consultants ), new ways of working and issues of retention of staff; 2) health & social care services for older people with a focus on health promotion in primary care and living with dementia and incontinence ;3) interfaces between the health service and criminal justice system and 4) health service provision for women, particularly those on the margins. All my research involve the public and service users. I am particularly interested in the interface between policy and practice in arenas where public service delivery involves multiple agencies. I enjoy supervising doctoral and masters students, supporting them in their research careers.
I am a faculty member of the National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) and a member of the NIHR Programme for Applied Research sub panel . I am a Fellow of the Queen's Nursing Institute and adjunct professor at Western Sydney University, Australia. I was awarded an MBE in 2016 for services to health service research, development and nursing.
Professor of Health Care & Policy Research
I teach undergraduates , post graduates and post graduate research students. I teach on topics in health policy and current issues in the international context. This includes topics where I have research expertise such as issues in health and social care workforce. I also teach research methods related to health and social care, as well as other research topics such as research ethics , research impact and writing for publishing . I enjoying supervising doctoral students and students completing the research element of their master's degree programme.
Recent grants
2023-2024 General Nursing Council Trust Addressing the retention of community nurses in England: a mixed methods study of strategies, impact, and outcomes - Kingston University London Prof V Drennan (PI)
2020-2023 NIHR131356 Implementation of the non-medical practitioner workforce into the urgent and emergency care system skill-mix in England: a mixed methods study of configurations and impact. SkillMix-ED, part of the Urgent and Emergency Health Care and Workforce Research Group - Kingston University London,Dr M Halter (CI) Professor V Drennan(joint lead ),
2020 -2023 NIHR HTA NIHR128334 Clinical and cost-effectiveness of a personalised health promotion intervention enabling independence in older people with mild frailty ('HomeHealth'): A Randomised Controlled Trial PI Prof Kate Walters (UCL ) . £1,833,313.78
2019-2022 GSTT Charity, Evaluation of Neighbourhood Nursing . Michael Lawrie (PI, Ispos Mori)
2019 Health Education England (London) Investigating facilitators and barriers to advanced clinical practice roles in the NHS in London. VM Drennan (P!)
2016 -2018 NIHR Research for Patient Benefit . "Test n Treat (TnT)": a cluster randomised feasibility trial of frequent, rapid testing and same day, on-site treatment to reduce rates of chlamydia and gonorrhoea in high risk Further Education College students. Prof P Oakeshott (CI) St. George's University of London . £249,734.00
2016 - 2018 2016-2018 Evaluation of the National Physician Associate Expansion Programme. Prof VDrennan (PI)
2016 - 2022 NIHR Public Health Research- 13/164/32 The VIP trial: a randomised controlled trial of the clinical and cost effectiveness of a Victim Improvement Package (VIP) for the reduction of chronic symptoms of depression or anxiety in older victims of common crime. Chief investigator: Dr Marc Serfaty University College London.
2015 - 2018 NIHR Health Service Research & Delivery Programme 2015-2018 £ 483,779.00 Investigating the contribution of physician associates (PAs) to secondary care in England: a mixed methods study Prof V M Drennan(PI)
Gillman, Lindsay J, Drennan, Vari M, Marshall, Jayne E and Boaz, Annette (2024) ‘Hands on’, ‘hands off’ or ‘hands poised’? Exploring intrapartum midwifery decision making through ethnographic research. Midwifery, 137, p. 104105. ISSN (print) 0266-6138
Blay, Nicole, Murray-Parahi, Pauline, Drennan, Vari, Rowles, Mick and Sousa, Mariana S. (2024) Community nursing : a time and motion study of community nurses' work and workload in Australia. Journal of Advanced Nursing, ISSN (print) 0309-2402 (In Press)
Drennan, Vari, Halter, Mary, Taylor, Francesca, Gabe, Jonathan and Jarman, Heather (2023) Non-medical practitioners in the staffing of emergency departments and urgent treatment centres in England : a mixed qualitative methods study of policy implementation. BMC Health Services Research, 23, p. 1221. ISSN (print) 1472-6963
Taylor, Francesca, Drennan, Vari M., Halter, Mary, Allan, Helen T. and Collins, Linda (2022) Uptake of advanced clinical practice roles in the health service in England : perspectives at the micro level. SSM - Qualitative Research in Health, 2, p. 100141. ISSN (online) 2667-3215
Satchell, Jessica, Craston, Tabitha, Drennan, Vari, Billings, Jo and Serfaty, Marc (2022) Psychological distress and interventions for older victims of crime : a systematic review. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, ISSN (print) 1524-8380 (Epub Ahead of Print)
Cole, Laura, Drennan, Vari, Manthorpe, Jill, Hatzidimitriadou, Eleni and Iliffe, Stephen (2022) Experiences of intimate continence care and the impact on the family dyad relationship for people living at home with dementia and their co-resident family members. Dementia, 21(5), pp. 1556-1573. ISSN (print) 1471-3012
Sellers, Claudie, Penfold, Nigel, Gass, Cleave and Drennan, Vari M. (2022) The experience of working with anaesthesia associates in the United Kingdom and the impact on medical anaesthetic training. The International Journal of Health Planning and Management, ISSN (print) 0749-6753 (Epub Ahead of Print)
Drennan, Vari M, Collins, Linda, Allan, Helen, Brimblecombe, Neil, Halter, Mary and Taylor, Francesca (2022) Are advanced clinical practice roles in England's National Health Service a remedy for workforce problems? A qualitative study of senior staff perspectives. Journal of Health Services Research & Policy, 27(2), pp. 96-105. ISSN (print) 1355-8196
Roberts, Karen, Drennan, Vari M and Watkins, Jeannie (2022) Physician associate graduates in England : a cross sectional survey of work careers. Future Healthcare Journal, 9(1), pp. 5-10. ISSN (print) 2055-3323
Straughton, Kate, Roberts, Karen A, Watkins, Jeannie, Drennan, Vari M and Halter, Mary (2022) Physician associates in the UK : development, status, and future. JAAPA : official journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants, 35(3), pp. 56-60. ISSN (print) 1547-1896
Williams, Lucy and Drennan, Vari M. (2022) Evaluating the efficacy of rapid diagnostic tests for imported malaria in high income countries : a systematic review. International Emergency Nursing, 60, p. 101110. ISSN (print) 1755-599X
Frost, Rachael, Avgerinou, Christina, Goodman, Claire, Clegg, Andrew, Hopkins, Jane, Gould, Rebecca L., Gardner, Benjamin, Marston, Louise, Hunter, Rachael, Manthorpe, Jill, Cooper, Claudia, Skelton, Dawn A., Drennan, Vari M., Logan, Pip and Walters, Kate (2022) Clinical and cost-effectiveness of a personalised health promotion intervention enabling independence in older people with mild frailty ('HomeHealth') compared to treatment as usual : study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BMC Geriatrics, 22, p. 485. ISSN (online) 1471-2318
Taylor, Francesca, Drennan, Vari, Turner, Marie-Louise, Jones, Jeunita and Popoola, Joyce (2021) 'It gives you the skills of how you can cope' : exploring the self-reported experience of patients receiving in-centre haemodialysis on participating in chosen art activities. Health Expectations, 24(6), pp. 1979-1987. ISSN (print) 1369-6513
Taylor, Francesca, Ogidi, Jonathan, Chauhan, Rakhee, Ladva, Zeena, Brearley, Sally and Drennan, Vari M. (2021) Introducing physician associates to hospital patients : development and feasibility testing of a patient experience-based intervention. Health Expectations, 24(1), pp. 77-86. ISSN (print) 1369-6513
Drennan, Vari M. and Halter, Mary (2020) Building the evidence base : 10 years of physician assistant/associate research in England : a special article. Journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants, 33(10), pp. 1-4. ISSN (print) 1547-1896
Drennan, Vari M, Calestani, Melania, Taylor, Francesca, Halter, Mary and Levenson, Ros (2020) Perceived impact on efficiency and safety of experienced American physician assistants / associates in acute hospital care in England : findings from a multi-site case organisational study. JRSM Open, 11(10), ISSN (online) 2054-2704
Halter, Mary, Drennan, Vari, Wang, Chao, Wheeler, Carly, Gage, Heather, Nice, Laura, de Lusignan, Simon, Gabe, Jonathan, Brearley, Sally, Ennis, James, Begg, Philip and Parle, Jim (2020) Comparing physician associates and foundation year two doctors in training undertaking emergency medicine consultations in England : a mixed methods study of processes and outcomes. BMJ Open, 10, e037557. ISSN (online) 2044-6055
Flemming, Charlotte, Drennan, Vari M., Kerry-Barnard, Sarah, Reid, Fiona, Adams, Elisabeth J., Sadiq, S. Tariq, Phillips, Rachel, Majewska, Wendy, Harding-Esch, Emma M., Cousins, Emma C., Yoward, Freya and Oakeshott, Pippa (2020) Understanding the acceptability, barriers and facilitators for chlamydia and gonorrhoea screening in technical colleges : qualitative process evaluation of the "Test n Treat" trial. BMC Public Health, 20, p. 1212. ISSN (online) 1471-2458
Taylor, Francesca, Drennan, Vari M, Halter, Mary and Calestani, Melania (2020) Integration and retention of American physician assistants/associates working in English hospitals : a qualitative study. Health Policy, 124(5), pp. 525-530. ISSN (print) 0168-8510
Kerry-Barnard, Sarah, Huntington, Susie, Fleming, Charlotte, Reid, Fiona, Sadiq, S. Tariq, Drennan, Vari M., Adams, Elisabeth and Oakeshott, Pippa (2020) Near patient chlamydia and gonorrhoea screening and treatment in further education/technical colleges : a cost analysis of the 'Test n Treat' feasibility trial. BMC Health Services Research, 20, p. 316. ISSN (online) 1472-6963
Serfaty, Marc, Aspden, Trefor, Satchell, Jessica, Kessel, Anthony, Laycock, Gloria, Brewin, Chris R., Buszewicz, Marta, O’Keeffe, Aidan, Hunter, Rachael, Leavey, Gerard, Cuming-Higgs, Jon, Drennan, Vari, Riveros, Monica, Andrew, David and Blanchard, Martin (2020) The clinical and cost-effectiveness of a Victim Improvement Package (VIP) for the reduction of chronic symptoms of depression or anxiety in older victims of common crime (the VIP trial) : study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials, 21, p. 333. ISSN (online) 1745-6215
Greenwood, Nan and Drennan, Vari (2019) Developing health and social care academics' multi-disciplinary research and publication skills. Medical Education, 53(11), pp. 1156-1157. ISSN (print) 0308-0110
Avgerinou, Christina, Gardner, Benjamin, Kharicha, Kalpa, Frost, Rachael, Liljas, Ann, Elaswarapu, Rekha, Manthorpe, Jill, Drennan, Vari M., Goodman, Claire, Iliffe, Steve and Walters, Kate (2019) Health promotion for mild frailty based on behaviour change : perceptions of older people and service providers. Health & Social Care in the Community, 27(5), pp. 1333-1343. ISSN (print) 0966-0410
Taylor, Francesca, Halter, Mary and Drennan, Vari M (2019) Understanding patients' satisfaction with physician assistant/associate encounters through communication experiences : a qualitative study in acute hospitals in England. BMC Health Services Research, 19, p. 603. ISSN (online) 1472-6963
Oakeshott, Pippa, Kerry-Barnard, Sarah, Fleming, Charlotte, Phillips, Rachel, Drennan, Vari M., Adams, Elisabeth J., Majewska, Wendy, Harding-Esch, Emma M., Cousins, Emma C., Planche, Tim, Green, Alastair, Bartholomew, Rosalie I., Tariq Sadiq, S. and Reid, Fiona (2019) "Test n Treat" (TnT) : a cluster randomized feasibility trial of on-site rapid 'Chlamydia trachomatis' tests and treatment in ethnically diverse, sexually active teenagers attending technical colleges. Clinical Microbiology And Infection, 25(7), pp. 865-871. ISSN (print) 1198-743X
Cole, Laura and Drennan, Vari (2019) Living with incontinence : the experience of people with dementia. Dementia, 18(5), pp. 1826-1839. ISSN (print) 1471-3012
Drennan, Vari M and Ross, Fiona (2019) Global nurse shortages : the facts, the impact and action for change. British Medical Bulletin, 130(1), pp. 25-37. ISSN (print) 0007-1420
Drennan MBE, Vari M, Halter, Mary, Wheeler, Carly, Nice, Laura, Brearley, Sally, Ennis, James, Gabe, Jon, Gage, Heather, Levenson, Ros, de Lusignan, Simon, Begg, Phil and Parle, Jim (2019) The role of physician associates in secondary care the PA-SCER mixed-methods study. Health Services and Delivery Research, 7(19), ISSN (print) 2050-4349
Drennan, Vari M, Halter, Mary, Wheeler, Carly, Nice, Laura, Brearley, Sally, Ennis, James, Gabe, Jonathan, Gage, Heather, Levenson, Ros, de Lusignan, Simon, Begg, Phil and Parle, James (2019) What is the contribution of physician associates in hospital care in England? A mixed methods, multiple case study. BMJ Open, 9(1), e027012. ISSN (online) 2044-6055
Drennan, Vari M (2019) More care out of hospital? A qualitative exploration of the factors influencing the development of the district nursing workforce in England. Journal of Health Services Research & Policy, 24(1), pp. 11-18. ISSN (print) 1355-8196
Drennan, Vari, Ross, Fiona, Calestani, Melania, Saunders, Mary and West, Peter (2018) Learning from an early pilot of the Dutch Buurtzorg model of district nursing in England. Primary Health Care, 28(6), pp. 23-25. ISSN (print) 0264-5033
Drennan, Vari, Walters, Kate, Avgerinou, Christina, Gardner, Benjamin, Goodman, Claire, Frost, Rachel, Kharicha, Kalpa, Iliffe, Steven and Manthorpe, Jill (2018) Moving upstream in health promoting policies for older people with early frailty in England? A policy analysis. Journal of Health Services Research & Policy, 23(3), pp. 168-175. ISSN (print) 1355-8196
Halter, Mary, Wheeler, Carly, Pelone, Ferruccio, Gage, Heather, Lusignan, Simon de, Parle, Jim, Grant, Robert, Gabe, Jonathan, Nice, Laura and Drennan, Vari M (2018) The contribution of physician assistants/associates to secondary care : a systematic review. BMJ Open, 8(6), e019573. ISSN (online) 2044-6055
Drennan, Vari M, Calestani, Melania, Ross, Fiona, Saunders, Mary and West, Peter (2018) Tackling the workforce crisis in district nursing : can the Dutch Buurtzorg model offer a solution and a better patient experience? A mixed methods case study. BMJ Open, 8(6), e021931. ISSN (online) 2044-6055
Kerry-Barnard, Sarah, Fleming, Charlotte, Reid, Fiona, Phillips, Rachel, Drennan, Vari M., Adams, Elisabeth J., Majewska, Wendy, Balendra, Anjella, Harding-Esch, Emma, Cousins, Emma, Sadiq, S. Tariq and Oakeshott, Pippa (2018) 'Test n Treat (TnT)' : Rapid testing and same-day, on-site treatment to reduce rates of chlamydia in sexually active further education college students : study protocol for a cluster randomised feasibility trial. Trials, 19(1), p. 311. ISSN (online) 1745-6215
Frost, Rachael, Kharicha, Kalpa, Jovicic, Ana, Liljas, Ann E.M., Iliffe, Steve, Manthorpe, Jill, Gardner, Benjamin, Avgerinou, Christina, Goodman, Claire, Drennan, Vari M. and Walters, Kate (2018) Identifying acceptable components for home-based health promotion services for older people with mild frailty : a qualitative study. Health & Social Care In The Community, 26(3), pp. 393-403. ISSN (print) 0966-0410
Smith, Raymond, Drennan, Vari, Mackenzie, Ann and Greenwood, Nan (2018) The impact of befriending and peer support on family carers of people living with dementia : a mixed methods study. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 76, pp. 188-195. ISSN (print) 0167-4943
Halter, Mary, Joly, Louise, de Lusignan, Simon, Grant, Robert, Gage, Heather and Drennan, Vari (2018) Capturing complexity in clinician case-mix : classification system development using GP and Physician Associate data. BJGP Open, 2(1), ISSN (online) 2398-3795
Smith, Raymond, Drennan, Vari, Mackenzie, Ann and Greenwood, Nan (2018) Volunteer peer support and befriending for carers of people living with dementia : an exploration of volunteers' experiences. Health & Social Care in the Community, 26(2), pp. 158-166. ISSN (print) 0966-0410
Walters, Kate, Frost, Rachael, Kharicha, Kalpa, Avgerinou, Christina, Gardner, Benjamin, Ricciardi, Federico, Hunter, Rachael, Liljas, Ann, Manthorpe, Jill, Drennan, Vari, Wood, John, Goodman, Claire, Jovicic, Ana and Iliffe, Steve (2017) Home-based health promotion for older people with mild frailty (HomeHealth) : intervention development and feasibility Randomised Controlled Trial. Health Technology Assessment, 21(73), ISSN (print) 1366-5278
Halter, Mary, Boiko, Olga, Pelone, Ferruccio, Beighton, Carole, Harris, Ruth, Gale, Julia, Gourlay, Stephen and Drennan, Vari (2017) The determinants and consequences of adult nursing staff turnover : a systematic review of systematic reviews. BMC Health Services Research, 17(824), ISSN (online) 1472-6963
Drennan, Vari, Manthorpe, Jill and Iliffe, S (2017) Meeting the needs of older people living at home with dementia who have problems with continence. Quality in Ageing and Older Adults, 18(4), pp. 246-253. ISSN (print) 1471-7794
Halter, Mary, Drennan, Vari, Joly, Louise, Gabe, Jonathan, Gage, Heather and de Lusignan, Simon (2017) Patients' experiences of consultations with physician associates in primary care in England : a qualitative study. Health Expectations, 20(5), pp. 1011-1019. ISSN (print) 1369-6513
Roe, Brenda, Goodman, Claire, Russell, Bridget, Buswell, Marina, Norton, Christine, Harari, Danielle, Harwood, Rowan, Malone, Jo Rycroft, Drennan MBE, Vari M., Fader, Mandy, Maden, Michelle and Bunn, Frances (2017) Management of fecal incontinence in older people with dementia resident in care homes : a realist synthesis - The FINCH study. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 18(9), pp. 750-751. ISSN (print) 1525-8610
Buswell, Marina, Goodman, Claire, Roe, Brenda, Russell, Bridget, Norton, Christine, Harwood, Rowan, Fader, Mandy, Harari, Danielle, Drennan, Vari, Rycroft-Malone, Jo, Maden, Michelle and Bunn, Frances (2017) What works to improve and manage fecal incontinence in care home residents living with dementia? A realist synthesis of the evidence. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 18(9), 752-760.e1. ISSN (print) 1525-8610
Goodman, Claire, Norton, Christine, Buswell, Marina, Russell, Bridget, Harari, Danielle, Harwood, Rowan, Roe, Brenda, Rycroft-Malone, Jo, Drennan, Vari M, Fader, Mandy, Maden, Michelle, Cummings, Karen and Bunn, Frances (2017) Managing Faecal INcontinence in people with advanced dementia resident in Care Homes (FINCH) study : a realist synthesis of the evidence. Health Technology Assessment, 21(42), ISSN (print) 1366-5278
Halter, Mary, Pelone, Ferruccio, Boiko, Olga, Beighton, Carole, Harris, Ruth, Gale, Julia, Gourlay, Stephen and Drennan, Vari (2017) Interventions to reduce adult nursing turnover : a systematic review of systematic reviews. Open Nursing Journal, 11, pp. 108-123. ISSN (online) 1874-4346
Frost, Rachael, Belk, Celia, Jovicic, Ana, Ricciardi, Federico, Kharicha, Kalpa, Gardner, Benjamin, Iliffe, Steve, Goodman, Claire, Manthorpe, Jill, Drennan, Vari M and Walters, Kate (2017) Health promotion interventions for community-dwelling older people with mild or pre-frailty : a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Geriatrics, 17(157), ISSN (online) 1471-2318
Drennan, Vari M., Gabe, Jonathon, Halter, Mary, de Lusignan, Simon and Levenson, Ros (2017) Physician associates in primary health care in England : a challenge to professional boundaries? Social Science and Medicine, 181, pp. 9-16. ISSN (print) 0277-9536
Halter, Mary, Wheeler, Carly, Drennan, Vari M, de Lusignan, Simon, Grant, Robert, Gabe, Jonathan, Gage, Heather, Ennis, James and Parle, Jim (2017) Physician associates in England's hospitals : a survey of medical directors exploring current usage and factors affecting recruitment. Clinical Medicine, 17(2), pp. 126-131. ISSN (print) 1470-2118
Russell, Bridget, Buswell, Marina, Norton, Christine, Malone, Jo Rycroft, Harari, Danielle, Harwood, Rowan, Roe, Brenda, Fader, Mandy, Drennan, Vari M, Bunn, Frances and Goodman, Claire (2017) Supporting people living with dementia and faecal incontinence. British Journal of Community Nursing, 22(3), pp. 110-114. ISSN (print) 1462-4753
Gardner, Benjamin, Jovicic, Ana, Belk, Celia, Kharicha, Kalpa, Iliffe, Steve, Manthorpe, Jill, Goodman, Claire, Drennan, Vari M and Walters, Kate (2017) Specifying the content of home-based health behaviour change interventions for older people with frailty or at risk of frailty : an exploratory systematic review. BMJ Open, 7(2), e014127. ISSN (online) 2044-6055
Wheeler, Carly, Halter, Mary, Drennan, Vari M., de Lusignan, Simon, Grant, Robert, Gabe, Jonathan, Gage, Heather, Begg, Philip, Ennis, James and Parle, Jim (2017) Physician associates working in secondary care teams in England : interprofessional implications from a national survey. Journal of Interprofessional Care, 31(6), pp. 774-776. ISSN (print) 1356-1820
Drennan, Vari, Halter, Mary, Gale, Julia and Harris, Ruth (2016) Retaining nurses in metropolitan areas : insights from senior nurse and human resource managers. Journal Of Nursing Management, 24(8), pp. 1041-1048. ISSN (print) 0966-0429
Koskela, Sian, Pettitt, Bridget and Drennan, Vari (2016) The experiences of people with mental health problems who are victims of crime with the police in England: a qualitative study. The British Journal of Criminology, 56(5), pp. 1014-1033. ISSN (print) 0007-0955
Serfaty, Marc, Ridgewell, Anna, Drennan, Vari, Kessel, Anthony, Brewin, Chris R., Leavey, Gerard, Wright, Anwen, Laycock, Gloria and Blanchard, Martin (2016) Helping aged victims of crime (the HAVoC study): common crime, older people and mental illness. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 44(2), pp. 140-155. ISSN (print) 1352-4658
Jovicic, Ana, Gardner, Benjamin, Belk, Celia, Kharicha, Kalpa, Iliffe, Steve, Manthorpe, Jill, Goodman, Claire, Drennan, Vari and Walters, Kate (2015) Identifying the content of home-based health behaviour change interventions for frail older people: a systematic review protocol. Systematic Reviews, 4(151), ISSN (online) 2046-4053
Goodman, Claire, Rycroft Malone, Jo, Norton, Christine, Harari, Danielle, Harwood, Rowan, Roe, Brenda, Russell, Bridget, Fader, Mandy, Buswell, Marina, Drennan, Vari M. and Bunn, Frances (2015) Reducing and managing faecal incontinence in people with advanced dementia who are resident in care homes: protocol for a realist synthesis. BMJ Open, 5(7), e007728. ISSN (online) 2044-6055
Drennan, V. M., Halter, M., Joly, L., Gage, H., Grant, R. L., Gabe, J., Brearley, S., Carneiro, W. and de Lusignan, S. (2015) Physician associates and GPs in primary care : a comparison. British Journal of General Practice, 65(634), e344-e350. ISSN (print) 0960-1643
Iliffe, S, Wilcock, J, Drennan, V, Goodman, C, Griffin, M, Knapp, M, Lowery, D, Manthorpe, J, Rait, G and Warner, J (2015) Changing practice in dementia care in the community : developing and testing evidence-based interventions, from timely diagnosis to end of life (EVIDEM). Programme Grants for Applied Research, 3(3), ISSN (online) 2050-4322
Drennan, Vari M., Halter, Mary, Brearley, Sally, Carneiro, Wilfrid, Gabe, Jonathan, Gage, Heather, Grant, Robert, Joly, Louise and de Lusignan, Simon (2014) Investigating the contribution of physician assistants to primary care in England: a mixed-methods study. Health Services and Delivery Research, 2(16), ISSN (print) 2050-4349
Drennan, Vari M, Grant, Robert L and Harris, Ruth (2014) Trends over time in prescribing by English primary care nurses: a secondary analysis of a national prescription database. BMC Health Services Research, 14(1), p. 54. ISSN (print) 1472-6963
Edwards, Christine, Guven-Uslu, Pinar, Gourlay, Stephen, Drennan, Vari and Gillard, Steven (2014) Explaining health managers’ information-seeking behaviour and use. BMC Health Services Research, 14(Suppl 2), P34. ISSN (online) 1472-6963
Harris, Ruth, Sims, Sarah, Hewitt, Gillian, Joy, Mark, Brearley, Sally, Cloud, Geoff, Drennan, Vari, Greenwood, Nan, Jones, Fiona, Kalra, Lalit, Mackenzie, Ann and Ross, Fiona (2013) Leadership of interprofessional stroke teams: how important is it for good team working? International Journal of Stroke, 8(Suppl. 3), p. 32.
Bennett, Madeleine, Walters, Kate, Drennan, Vari and Buszewicz, Marta (2013) Structured Pro-Active Care for Chronic Depression by Practice Nurses in Primary Care: A Qualitative Evaluation. PLoS ONE, 8(9), pp. 1-8. ISSN (online) 1932-6203
Grant, Robert L., Drennan, Vari M., Rait, Greta, Petersen, Irene and Iliffe, Steve (2013) First Diagnosis and Management of Incontinence in Older People with and without Dementia in Primary Care: A Cohort Study Using The Health Improvement Network Primary Care Database. PLoS Medicine, 10(8), e1001505. ISSN (print) 1549-1676
Drennan, Vari M, Porter, Elizabeth M J and Grant, Robert L (2013) Graduates from dual qualification courses, registered nurse and health visitor: a career history study. Nurse Education Today, 33(8), pp. 925-930. ISSN (print) 0260-6917
Halter, Mary, Drennan, Vari, Chattopadhyay, Kaushik, Carneiro, Wilfred, Yiallouros, Jennifer, de Lusignan, Simon, Gage, Heather, Gabe, Jonathan and Grant, Robert (2013) The contribution of physician assistants in primary care: a systematic review. BMC Health Services Research, 13, p. 223. ISSN (online) 1472-6963
Trivedi, Daksha, Goodman, Claire, Gage, Heather, Baron, Natasha, Scheibl, Fiona, Iliffe, Steve, Manthorpe, Jill, Bunn, Frances and Drennan, Vari (2013) The effectiveness of inter-professional working for older people living in the community: a systematic review. Health & Social Care In The Community, 21(2), pp. 113-128. ISSN (print) 0966-0410
Gage, Heather, Ting, Sharlene, Williams, Peter, Drennan, Vari, Goodman, Claire, Iliffe, Steven, Manthorpe, Jill, Davies, Sue L. and Masey, Helen (2013) Nurse-led case management for community dwelling older people: an explorative study of models and costs. Journal of Nursing Management, 21(2), pp. 191-201. ISSN (print) 0966-0429
Greenwood, Nan, Habibi, Ruth, Mackenzie, Ann, Drennan, Vari and Easton, Nicky (2013) Peer support for carers: a qualitative investigation of the experiences of carers and peer volunteers. American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias, 28(6), pp. 617-626. ISSN (print) 1533-3175
Manthorpe, Jill, Iliffe, Steve, Goodman, Claire, Drennan, Vari and Warner, James (2013) Working together in dementia research: reflections on the EVIDEM programme. Working with Older People, 17(4), pp. 138-145. ISSN (print) 1366-3666
Manthorpe, Jill, Goodman, Claire, Drennan, Vari, Davies, Sue L, Masey, Helen, Gage, Heather, Scott, Cheryll, Brearley, Sally and Iliffe, Steve (2012) Nurse-led case management in the national health service: bridging clinical and social worlds. Primary Health Care Research & Development, 13(2), pp. 153-164. ISSN (print) 1463-4236
Goodman, Claire, Drennan, Vari, Scheibl, Fiona, Shah, Dhrushita, Manthorpe, Jill, Gage, Heather and Iliffe, Steve (2011) Models of Inter Professional Working for older people living at home: a survey and review of the local strategies of English health and social care statutory organisations. BMC Health Services Research, 11(1), p. 337. ISSN (print) 1472-6963
Bhanbhro, Sadiq, Drennan, Vari M, Grant, Robert and Harris, Ruth (2011) Assessing the contribution of prescribing in primary care by nurses and professionals allied to medicine: a systematic review of literature. BMC Health Services Research, 11, p. 330. ISSN (online) 1472-6963
Drennan, Vari M, Cole, Laura and Iliffe, Steve (2011) A taboo within a stigma? A qualitative study of managing incontinence with people with dementia living at home. BMC Geriatrics, 11(1), p. 75. ISSN (online) 1471-2318
Drennan, Vari, Goodman, Claire, Manthorpe, Jill, Davies, Sue, Scott, Cherill, Gage, Heather and Iliffe, Steve (2011) Establishing new nursing roles: a case study of the English community matron initiative. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 20(19-20), pp. 2948-2957. ISSN (print) 0962-1067
Joly, Louise, Goodman, Claire, Froggatt, Katherine and Drennan, Vari (2011) Interagency working to support the health of people who are homeless. Social Policy and Society, 10(04), pp. 523-536. ISSN (print) 1474-7464
Iliffe, Steve, Drennan, Vari, Manthorpe, Jill, Gage, Heather, Davies, Sue L, Massey, Helen, Scott, Cherill, Brearley, Sally and Goodman, Claire (2011) Nurse case management and general practice: implications for GP consortia. British Journal of General Practice, 61(591), pp. 658-665. ISSN (print) 0960-1643
Drennan, Vari M and Goodman, Claire (2011) Sustaining innovation in the health care workforce: a case study of community nurse consultant posts in England. BMC Health Services Research, 11(1), pp. 200-236. ISSN (online) 1472-6963
Poltawski, Leon, Goodman, Claire, Iliffe, Steve, Manthorpe, Jill, Gage, Heather, Shah, Dhrushita and Drennan, Vari (2011) Frailty scales – their potential in interprofessional working with older people: a discussion paper. Journal of Interprofessional Care, 25(4), pp. 280-286. ISSN (print) 1356-1820
Drennan, Vari, Levenson, Ros, Halter, Mary and Tye, Chris (2011) Physician assistants in English general practice: a qualitative study of employers' viewpoints. Journal of Health Services Research & Policy, 16(2), pp. 75-80. ISSN (print) 1355-8196
Manthorpe, J., Iliffe, S., Samsi, K., Cole, L., Goodman, C., Drennan, V. and Warner, J. (2010) Dementia, dignity and quality of life: nursing practice and its dilemmas. International Journal of Older People Nursing, 5(3), pp. 235-244. ISSN (print) 1748-3735
Drennan, Vari, Goodman, Claire, Norton, Christine and Wells, Amanda (2010) Incontinence in women prisoners: an exploration of the issues. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 66(9), pp. 1953-1967. ISSN (print) 0309-2402
Drennan, Vari and Cole, Laura (2009) Promoting continence and managing incontinence with people with dementia living at home: one more challenge for integration. Journal of Integrated Care, 17(1), pp. 15-25. ISSN (print) 1476-9018
Drennan, Vari (2008) Demand and supply. Nursing Standard, 22(48), pp. 62-63. ISSN (print) 0029-6570
Iliffe, Steve, Manthorpe, Jill, Drennan, Vari, Goodman, Claire and Warner, James (2008) The EVIDEM programme: a test for primary care research in London? London Journal of Primary Care, 1(2), pp. 69-73. ISSN (print) 1757-1472
McGraw, Caroline, Drennan, Vari and Humphrey, Charlotte (2008) Understanding risk and safety in home health care: the limits of generic frameworks. Quality in Primary Care, 16(4), pp. 239-248. ISSN (print) 1479-1072
Iliffe, Steve, Manthorpe, Jill, Warner, James, Drennan, Vari, Goodman, Claire, Rait, Greta and Kharicha, Kalpa (2008) Making progress in psychosocial research in dementia. Dementia, 7(2), pp. 167-174. ISSN (print) 1471-3012
Davis, Kathy and Drennan, Vari (2008) Nurse prescribing: national data analysis. Nursing Times, 104(5), pp. 46-48. ISSN (print) 0954-7762
Traynor, Michael, Drennan, Vari, Goodman, Claire, Mark, Annabelle, Davis, Kathy, Peacock, Richard and Banning, Maggi (2008) 'Nurse entrepreneurs' a case of government rhetoric? Journal of Health Services Research & Policy, 13(1), pp. 13-18. ISSN (print) 1355-8196
Drennan, Vari, Walters, Kate, Lenihan, Penny, Cohen, Shoshanna, Myerson, Sybil and Iliffe, Steve (2007) Priorities in identifying unmet need in older people attending general practice: a nominal group technique study. Family Practice, 24(5), pp. 454-460. ISSN (print) 0263-2136
Davis, Kathy and Drennan, Vari (2007) Evaluating nurse prescribing behaviour using constipation as a case study. International Journal Of Nursing Practice, 13(4), pp. 243-253. ISSN (print) 1322-7114
Russell, Sally and Drennan, Vari (2007) Mothers' views of the health visiting service in the UK: a web-based survey. Community Practitioner, 80(8), pp. 22-26. ISSN (print) 1462-2815
Drennan, Vari, Iliffe, Steve, Tai, Sharon See, Lenihan, Penny and Deave, Toity (2007) Can primary care identify an 'at risk' group in the older population. British Journal of Community Nursing, 12(4), pp. 142-148. ISSN (print) 1462-4753
Drennan, Vari (2007) Assessing nurse prescribing. Cancer Nursing Practice, 6(10), p. 3. ISSN (print) 1475-4266
McGraw, Caroline and Drennan, Vari (2006) Assessing the needs of older burglary victims: a link nurse scheme. British journal of community nursing, 11(10), pp. 414-419. ISSN (print) 1462-4753
Drennan, Vari, Andrews, Sarah, Sidhu, Rajinder and Peacock, Richard (2006) Attracting and retaining nurses in primary care. British Journal of Community Nursing, 11(6), pp. 242-246. ISSN (print) 1462-4753
Christian, Sara, Ross, Fiona, Brooks, Fiona and Drennan, Vari (2005) School nurses' contribution to young people's future health. Nursing Times, 101(47), pp. 19-20. ISSN (print) 0954-7762
Evans, Catherine, Drennan, Vari and Roberts, Julia (2005) Practice nurses and older people: a case management approach to care. Journal Of Advanced Nursing, 51(4), pp. 343-352. ISSN (print) 0309-2402
Drennan, Vari, Iliffe, Steve, Haworth, Deborah, Tai, Sharon S, Lenihan, Penny and Deave, Toity (2005) The feasibility and acceptability of a specialist health and social care team for the promotion of health and independence in 'at risk' older adults. Health and Social Care in the Community, 13(2), pp. 136-144. ISSN (print) 0966-0410
Drennan, Vari and Goodman, Claire (2004) Nurse-led case management for older people with long-term conditions. British Journal of Community Nursing, 9(12), pp. 527-533. ISSN (print) 1462-4753
Iliffe, Steve, Lenihan, Penny, Orrell, Martin, Walters, Kate, Drennan, Vari and Tai, Sharon See (2004) The development of a short instrument to identify common unmet needs in older people in general practice. The British Journal of General Practice, 54(509), pp. 914-918. ISSN (print) 0960-1643
Drennan, Vari, Levenson, Ros, Goodman, Claire and Evans, Catherine (2004) The workforce in health and social care services to older people: developing an education and training strategy. Nurse Education Today, 24(5), pp. 402-408. ISSN (print) 0260-6917
McGraw, Caroline and Drennan, Vari (2004) Older people and medication management: from compliance to concordance. Reviews in Clinical Gerontology, 14(2), pp. 145-153. ISSN (print) 0959-2598
Drennan, Vari, Levenson, Ros, Goodman, Claire and Evans, Catherine (2003) Developing the health and social care workforce. British Journal of Healthcare Management, 9(11), pp. 372-375. ISSN (print) 1358-0574
Drennan, Vari, Iliffe, Steve, Haworth, Debora, Tai, Sharon See, Lenihan, Penny and Deave, Toity (2003) Older people's services. A picture of health. The Health service journal, 113(5852), pp. 22-24. ISSN (print) 0952-2271
Iliffe, Steve, Lenihan, Penny, Wallace, Paul, Drennan, Vari, Blanchard, Martin and Harris, Andrew (2002) Applying community-oriented primary care methods in British general practice: a case study. The British Journal of General Practice, 52(481), pp. 646-651. ISSN (print) 0960-1643
Chapman, Jane, Raynor, Sarah and Drennan, Vari (2001) Developing patient group directions. Nursing Times, 97(36), pp. 37-38. ISSN (print) 0954-7762
Drennan, Vari and Williams, Glenn (2001) An assessment of dual-role primary care nurses in the inner city. British Journal of Community Nursing, 6(7), pp. 336-341. ISSN (print) 1462-4753
McGraw, Caroline and Drennan, Vari (2001) Self-administration of medicine and older people. Nursing Standard, 15(18), pp. 33-36. ISSN (print) 0029-6570
Goodburn, Ann and Drennan, Vari (2000) The use of directly observed therapy in TB: a brief pan-London survey. Nursing Standard, 14(46), pp. 36-38. ISSN (print) 0029-6570
McGraw, Caroline and Drennan, Vari (2000) The use of medication compliance devices by district nursing services. British Journal of Community Nursing, 5(7), pp. 326-331. ISSN (print) 1462-4753
Drennan, V. and Levenson, R. (1999) Community care. Blurred vision. The Health service journal, 109(5667), pp. 22-23. ISSN (print) 0952-2271
Koperski, Marek, Rogers, Steve and Drennan, Vari (1997) Nurse practitioners in general practice: an inevitable progression? The British Journal of General Practice, 47(424), pp. 696-698. ISSN (print) 0960-1643
Drennan, V. and Stearn, J. (1986) Health visitors and homeless families. Health Visitor, 59(11), pp. 340-342. ISSN (print) 0017-9140
Drennan, V. (1986) Developments in health visiting. Health Visitor, 59(4), pp. 108-110. ISSN (print) 0017-9140
Drennan, Vari and Goodman, Claire, eds. (2007) Oxford handbook of primary care and community nursing. Oxford : Oxford University Press. 878p. (Oxford Handbooks in Nursing) ISBN 0198568908
Iliffe, Steve and Drennan, Vari (2001) Primary care and dementia. London, UK : Jessica Kingsley Publishers. 155p. ISBN 1853029971
Iliffe, Steve and Drennan, Vari (2000) Primary care for older people. Oxford : Oxford University Press. 272p. (Oxford general practice series, 44) ISBN 0192629514
Drennan, Vari, ed. (1988) Health Visitors and Groups : Politics and Practice. London, U.K. : Heinneman. 138p. ISBN 0433000333
Iliffe, Steve, Manthorpe, Jill and Drennan, Vari (2017) Dementia care in the community : challenges for primary health and social care. In: Ames, David , O'Brien, John T. and Burns, Alistair, (eds.) Dementia. 5th ed. Boca Raton, U.S. : CRC Press. pp. 161-171.
Iliffe, Steve, Manthorpe, Jill and Drennan, Vari (2010) Dementia care in the community: challenges for primary health and social care. In: Ames, D , Burns, A and O'Brien, J, (eds.) Dementia. 4th Ed. London : Hodder Arnold. pp. 157-165. ISBN 9780340987278
Drennan, Vari and Iliffe, Steve (2006) Managing dementias in primary care. In: Bryan, Karen and Maxim, Jane, (eds.) Communication disability in the dementias. London, UK : Whurr. pp. 49-72. ISBN 9781861565068
Drennan, Vari (1986) Talking to health visitors - perceptions of their work. In: While, Alison, (ed.) Research in preventive community nursing care : fifteen studies in health visiting. Chichester, U.K. : Wiley. pp. 39-52. (Developments in Nursing Research, (4)) ISBN 047191102X
Drennan, Vari (1986) A feasibility study into the screening of elderly people in an inner city area. In: While, Alison, (ed.) Research in preventive community nursing care : fifteen studies in health visiting. Chichester, U.K. : Wiley. pp. 205-214. (Developments in Nursing Research, (4)) ISBN 047191102X
Barrado-Martín, Yolanda, Frost, Rachael, Catchpole, Jessica, Rookes, Tasmin, Gibson, Sarah, Avgerinou, Christina, Gardner, Benjamin, Gould, Rebecca, Chadwick, Paul, Jowett, Claire, Hopkins, Jane, Kumar, Rashmi, Elaswarapu, Rekha, Marston, Louise, Kharicha, Kalpa, Drennan, Vari and Walters, Kate (2023) Goal setting as part of a holistic intervention to promote independence in older people with mild frailty : a process evaluation alongside a randomised controlled trial. In: Public Health Science 2023; 24 Nov 2023, London, U.K.. (Unpublished)
Drennan, Vari, Taylor, Francesca and Halter, Mary (2020) Advanced Clinical Practice Roles in the NHS : panacea or challenge for workforce problems? In: HSR UK 2020; 01-04 July 2020, Online. (Unpublished)
Taylor, Francesca, Ogidi, Jonathan, Chauhan, Rakhee, Lavda, Zeena, Brearley, Sally and Drennan, Vari (2020) Introducing physician associates to hospital patients : development and feasibility of an intervention to inform patients about the new role. In: HSR UK 2020; 01-04 July 2020, Online. (Unpublished)
Drennan, Vari (2018) Research & physician associates – building the evidence base and the physician associate researchers. In: Faculty of Physician Associates 3rd National CPD Conference; 27-28 Sep 2018, London, U.K.. (Unpublished)
Drennan, Vari and Yates, Kathryn (2017) The expanded general practice team - physician associates and nurses. In: City Health Conference 2017; 30 Mar 2017, London, U.K.. (Unpublished)
Drennan, Vari, Gabe, Jonathan and Halter, Mary (2016) Physician Associates in General Practice in England : a challenge to professional boundaries. In: 16th Biennial Congress of the ESHMS : Healthy Lives : Technologies, Policies and Experiences; 27-29 Jun 2016, Geneva, Switzerland. (Unpublished)
Smith, Raymond, Greenwood, Nan, Drennan, Vari and Mackenzie, Ann (2015) Investigating the impact of volunteer mentoring on carers of people with dementia: A mixed methods study. In: 25th Alzheimer Europe Conference “Dementia: Putting Strategies and Research into Practice”; 02-04 Sep 2015, Ljubljana, Slovenia. (Unpublished)
Drennan, Vari M and Hendrix, Cristina (2015) Symposium III : Translation of health research focusing on health promotion for older adults. In: ICCHNR 2015 : 6th International Conference on Community Health Nursing Research; 19-21 Aug 2015, Seoul, South Korea. (Unpublished)
Smith, Raymond, Greenwood, Nan, Drennan, Vari and Mackenzie, Ann (2014) The impact of volunteer mentoring on carers of people with dementia. In: 24th Alzheimer Europe Conference “Dignity and Autonomy in Dementia"; 20-22 Oct 2014, Glasgow, U.K.. (Unpublished)
Drennan, Vari (2013) Research in the hidden places- the challenges and opportunities for nurses. In: Royal College of Nursing 2013 Annual International Nursing Research Conference; 20-22 Mar 2013, Belfast, U.K.. (Unpublished)
Drennan, Vari (2013) Longitudinal qualitative research: techniques for illuminating nursing care in the community. In: Royal College of Nursing 2013 Annual International Research Conference; 20-22 Mar 2013, Belfast, U.K.. (Unpublished)
Drennan, Vari and Goodman, Claire (2011) Developing effective integrated working for the care of older people. In: Integration or fragmentation? Looking at the evidence and making sense of the reforms; 6th October 2011, London. (Unpublished)
Drennan, Vari, Halter, Mary and Taylor, Francesca (2019) The development of advanced clinical practitioners in NHS organisations providing acute, community and emergency services in London : an evaluative interview study. (Project Report) Joint Faculty Kingston University & St. George’s University of London. 9 p. (Unpublished)
Drennan, Vari, Ross, Fiona, Saunders, Mary and West, Peter (2017) The Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust Neighbourhood Nursing Team Test and Learn project of an adapted Buurtzorg model : An early view. (Project Report) Faculty of Health, Social Care and Education, Kingston University and St George's University of London. ISBN 9780995741317
Drennan, VM, Calestani, M and Littlejohns, P (2017) South London Community Education Provider Networks : evaluation report. (Project Report) London, U.K. : Faculty of Health, Social Care and Education, Kingston University and St George's, University of London. 12 p. ISBN 9780995741300 (Unpublished)
Drennan, Vari M, Halter, Mary, Grant, Robert, Gale, Julia, Harris, Ruth and Gourlay, Stephen (2015) Adult nurse turnover and retention : South London project report. (Project Report) Faculty of Health, Social Care and Education, Kingston University and St George's, University of London. (Unpublished)
Edwards, Christine, Fox, Rebekah, Gillard, Steven, Gourlay, Stephen, Guven, Pinar, Jackson, Charles, Chambers, Mary and Drennan, Vari (2013) Explaining health managers' information seeking behaviour and use. (Project Report) Southampton, U.K. : National Institute for Health Research. 215 p.
Harris, Ruth, Sims, Sarah, Hewitt, Hewitt, Joy, Mark, Brearley, Sally, Cloud, Geoff, Drennan, Vari, Greenwood, Nan, Jones, Fiona, Kalra, Lalit, Mackenzie, Ann and Ross, Fiona (2013) Interprofessional teamwork across stroke care pathways: outcomes and patient and carer experience. final report. NIHR service delivery and organisation programme. (Project Report) Southampton, U.K. : Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 371 p.
Goodman, Claire, Drennan, Vari, Manthorpe, Jill, Gage, Heather, Trivedi, Daksha, Shah, Drushita, Schiebel, Fiona, Poltawski, Leon, Handley, Melanie, Nash, Avril and Iliffe, Steve (2012) A study of the effectiveness of interprofessional working for community dwelling older people. (Project Report) NIHR NETSCC.
Manthorpe, Jill, Samsi, Kritika, Campbell, Sarah, Abley, Clare, Keady, John, Bond, John, Watts, Sue, Robinson, Louise, Gemski, Alan, Warner, James, Goodman, Claire, Drennan, Vari and Iliffe, Steve (2011) The transition from cognitive impairment to dementia: older people's experiences. (Project Report) NIHR SDO Programme. 118 p.
Drennan, Vari (2010) Out of hours and unscheduled primary care making it safer: report of the joint conference hosted by the Medical Protection Society, National Patient Safety Agency and MPS Risk Solutions. (Other) London, U.K. : Medical Protection Society. 12 p.
Goodman, Claire, Drennan, Vari, Davies, Sue, Masey, Helen, Gage, Heather, Scott, Cherill, Manthorpe, Jill, Brearley, Sally and Iliffe, Steve (2010) Nurses as case managers in primary care: the contribution to chronic disease management. (Project Report) London, U.K. : National Institute for Health Research Service. 317 p.
Trivedi, Daksha, Bunn, Frances, Forbes, Angus, Scott, Cherill, Kendall, Sally, Drennan, Vari, Goodman, Claire, Proctor, Susan, While, Alison and Wilson, Patricia (2009) Evaluating the nursing, midwifery and health visiting contribution to chronic disease management: an integration of three reviews. (Project Report) London, U.K. : National Institute for Health Research. 14 p.
Traynor, Michael, Davis, Kathy, Drennan, Vari, Goodman, Claire, Humphrey, Charlotte, Locke, Rachel, Marks, Annabelle, Murray, Susan, Banning, Maggi and Peacock, Richard (2006) The contribution of nurse, midwife and health visitor entrepreneurs to patient choice: a scoping exercise (NMHV). (Project Report) London : National Co-ordinating Centre for NHS Service Delivery and Organisation. 11 p.
Drennan, Vari, Goodman, Claire and Leyshon, Stephen (2005) Supporting experienced hospital nurses to move into community matron roles. (Project Report) London, U.K. : Primary Care Nursing Research Unit. 47 p. (Unpublished)
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